Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis

Wheat Gluten Protein Analysis Wheat is one of the most significant grain yields and its final results like breads, noodles, pasta and other prepared items are devoured universally and have become staple eating routine. The viscoelastic properties of wheat mixture are essentially reliant upon the cooperation of gluten proteins. Gluten proteins comprise of gliadins, which give gooey property to wheat mixture, and glutenins, which contribute towards versatility of the batter (Ciaffi et al., 1996). Capacity protein statement is influenced by natural conditions during the grain improvement period (Randall Moss, 1990; Lukow McVetty, 1991). For controlling the variety in wheat flour, it is basic that the administrative components liable for arrangement, collapsing and polymerization of gluten proteins ought to be considered. In nature, collapsing of proteins is interceded by a variety of proteins that go about as sub-atomic chaperones or foldases (Fischer and Schmid, 1999). The wheat gluten proteins are proline rich (10-30%) (Van-Dijk et al., 1997) and about 6% of all Xaa-Pro (Xaa: other cumbersome amino gatherings going before proline) peptide bonds show the cis compliance. Peptidyl prolyl cis-trans isomerases (PPIases) are the main chemicals known to catalyze cis-trans isomerisation of peptidyl prolyl securities which is a rate-constraining advance in protein collapsing (Fischer et al., 1989). Understanding the job of PPIases in gluten protein affidavit in wheat could help in creating techniques for controlling the capacity proteins wanted for various food items by reproducing or potentially hereditary designing systems. Peptidyl-prolyl cis-trans isomerases include three particular classes of proteins-cyclophilins, which tie to the immunosuppressive medication cyclosporin A (CsA) (Handshumacher et al., 1984); FK506-restricting proteins (FKBPs), which tie the macrolide drugs FK506 and rapamycin (Harding et al., 1989); and the parvulin family (Dolonski and Heitman, 1997). Because of their medication restricting exercises, cyclophilins and FKBPs are otherwise called immunophilins. The FKBPs are saved in all creatures from prokaryotes to higher plants and warm blooded creatures (Gasser et al., 1990). Rice genome is accounted for to contain biggest number of FKBP individuals (Ahn et al., 2010). FKBPs, next to collapsing of proteins, are additionally engaged with numerous other cell procedures, for example, cell flagging (Luan et al., 1998), protein complex arrangement (Pratt and Toft, 1997; Reynold et al., 1999), guideline of plant development and advancement (Geisler et al., 2004), stress reaction (Kurek et al., 1999; Yu et al., 2012) and in redox control of photosynthesis (Gupta et al., 2002; Gopalan et al., 2004). Two multidomain FKBPs, FKBP73 and FKBP77, were cloned prior from wheat (Avezier et al., 1998). These proteins were additionally shown to assume job in signal transduction through their collaboration with mammalian p23 and plant HSP90 (Owens-Grillo et al., 1996; Reddy et al., 1998). As of late, qualities encoding three single-area wheat FKBPs, TaFKBP13, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP16-3 were cloned and portrayed by Gollan et al. (2011). TaFKBP13 was the first dynamic lumenal FKBP announced in quite a while, though, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP16-3 didn't show any PPIase movement (Gollan et al., 2011). These FKBPs were additionally embroiled in get together of photosytem edifices and thylakoid film buildings (Gollan et al., 2011). It is clear that data on FKBPs which have been cloned and portrayed from wheat is restricted (Aviezer et al., 1998; Bhave et al., 2011). Further, their job in gluten protein affidavit has likewise not been investigated so far. Along these lines, the current examination was done with the accompanying goals. To dissect contrasts in affidavit of gluten stockpiling protein in grains at various phases of improvement in Indian wheat cultivars having shifted protein content. Formative changes altogether PPIase action and its relationship with capacity protein testimony. To examine the commitment of cyclophilins and FKBPs towards complete PPIase movement in creating grains by hindrance tests utilizing cyclosporin An and FK506 as explicit inhibitors, individually. Cloning and portrayal of FKBP qualities and their appearance investigation. Notable discoveries of the examination Distinctive hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum) cultivars (GLUPRO, LOKI, HPW89), which differed in their protein content, were chosen for this examination. The grains were reaped at various phases of improvement viz. 8, 12, 16, 20, 25 days post anthesis (DPA) and development. The segregation and partition of various stockpiling protein portions from the wheat grains represent a test because of their cross tainting. Along these lines, various strategies, which were accounted for before by Osborne (1924) and Fu and Saperstein (1996) were attempted. These strategies didn't bring about disengagement of unadulterated divisions of gliadins and glutenins from the grains of cultivars utilized in this examination. In any case, the technique announced by DuPont (2005) brought about most elevated recuperation of various protein portions with negligible cross-defilement. The diminishing SDS-PAGE investigation exhibited that the collection of gliadins in the cultivars of wheat remembered for this examination was influenced by the formative phase of the grain. Present examination additionally exhibited that gathering of high sub-atomic weight subunits of glutenins (HMW-GSs) was likewise cultivar-and stage subordinate. The profile of high atomic weight subunits of glutenins (LMW-GSs) was not modified fundamentally after 16 DPA in any of the three cultivars. In spite of gliadins and glutenins, the albumins in the current investigation didn't show any noteworthy between cultivar changeability. Further, the collection of albumins in all the three cultivars began after 12 DPA and expanded up to development. The various albumins may comprise of proteins engaged with significant cell capacities like protein collapsing, plant guard system, stress reaction, and so forth. (Merlino et al., 2009) and, subsequently, must be moderated in nature, which clarifies the absence of intercultivar variety in the three cultivars broke down in this investigation. Formative guideline of PPIases in wheat grains has been accounted for cyclophilin (Grimwade et al., 1996) and FKBP73 (Aviezer et al., 1998) at transcript and protein level, individually. Articulation investigations of PPIases at action level are anyway missing additionally significant in light of the fact that the transcript levels may not generally finish in more elevated levels of protein or movement because of post-transcriptional guideline (Arnholdt-Schmitt, 2004). Along these lines, to clarify the job of PPIase qualities in gathering of capacity proteins in wheat grain, PPIase measures were performed by utilizing rough protein concentrate of creating grains, and movement was evaluated by a coupled chemical examine technique utilizing chymotrypsin for cutting the test peptide N-succinyl-ala-ala-expert phe-p-nitroanilidine (Fischer et al., 1984). Head Component Analysis (PCA) uncovered that PPIase movement in cvs. HPW 89 and GLUPRO was identified with the collection of gliadins. T he nearness of PPIase movement at various phases of grain advancement in all the cultivars and its nearby relationship with capacity proteins demonstrated that these enzyme(s) might be assuming a significant job in testimony of capacity proteins in wheat. PPIase movement of FKBPs and cyclophilins is restrained by immunosuppressant drugs FK506 and CsA, individually (Harding et al., 1989). Since no cross hindrance by the two medications is accounted for (Harding et al., 1989), we, consequently, utilized CsA and FK506 as explicit inhibitors to decide the commitment of these two classes of proteins to add up to grain PPIase action. Aside from at 25 DPA in LOK I, the PPIase action at all phases of grain improvement in the three cultivars was absolutely restrained by CsA. These perceptions, subsequently, propose that PPIase action in the grains, aside from at 25 DPA in LOK-1, was basically due to cyclophilins. Since FK506-inhibitable action in the rough protein concentrates of the three cultivars was irrelevant, along these lines, to additionally explore the purpose behind this perception, cloning of FKBP qualities, which are communicated in the creating grains, was endeavored. Succession of a functioning FKBP type-1 area of wFKBP73 (increa se number X86903.1) including 95 (50-145) amino corrosive (a.a.) buildups (Blecher et al., 1996) was utilized as an inquiry, which brought about distinguishing proof of several diverse putative FKBP arrangements in T. aestivum. These arrangements were recovered from NCBI and exposed to TBLASTn utilizing TIGR Plant Transcript Assemblies database (TADB; http://plantta.jcvi.org/) for wheat. Of the few recovered arrangements from TIGR, three unique cDNAs, TaFKBP15-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP20-1, which demonstrated longest open understanding edge (ORFs), were chosen for cloning utilizing the RNA separated from the creating grains gathered at 16 DPA. The examination effectively brought about cloning of three FKBP qualities from Indian wheat. Bioinformatics investigation of the cloned cDNAs uncovered that TaFKBP16-1 comprises of an ORF of 408 bp encoding a protein of 135 a.a. buildups with sub-atomic weight (M.W.) and pI of 15.26 kDa and 5.75, separately. The 561 bp and 477 bp ORFs of TaFKBP 20-1 and TaFKBP15-1, separately, were anticipated to encode proteins of 186 and 157 a.a. deposits, separately, with M.W. what's more, pI of 19.95 kDa and 6.77, and 16.61 kDa and 8.96, separately. In silico examination of a.a. successions of the cloned TaFKBP20-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP15-1 uncovered that the FKBP spaces design, however saved in these proteins, likewise show fluctuation saw in their auxiliary structures. Further, investigation of sign peptide utilizing distinctive online instruments anticipated confinement of TaFKBP20-1, TaFKBP16-1 and TaFKBP15-1 to core, conceivably cytosol and ER, individually. Contrasted with human homologue, hFKBP12, both TaFKBP15-1 and TaFKBP20-1 demonstrated nearness of all the fundamental buildups (Y26, F36, F46, W59, Y82 and F99) required for PPIase movement, when contrasted with just three (Y26, Y82 and F99)

Indira Gandhi essays

Indira Gandhi expositions Indira Nehru Gandhi was conceived on November 19, 1917 in her granddad's home in Allahabad, in northern India. She was destined to Jawaharlal Nehru ( father ) and Kamala Kaul ( mother ). The Independence development filled youthful Indira's life. One of her soonest political recollections was one of going to court at age four. Being the lone offspring of the family, her youth was to some degree desolate. Indiras political vocation began at age of 12. She was the originator and pioneer of the Monkey Brigade, which was a gathering of youths whose intention was to help end British control in India. As the pioneer she transferred data to the offspring of the gathering who at that point went out and cautioned the individuals who would have been captured by the British. The Indian National Congress was very much aware of the Monkey Brigade, and one of the most significant activities of the Monkey Brigade was done by Indira herself. The Congress was arranging a common insubordination development and after the gathering all the papers with the plans were set into the storage compartment of a vehicle which Indira was told to drive. Before the vehicle was prepared notwithstanding, a cop requested to review the vehicle. Indira implored him not to in light of the fact that the investigation would make her behind schedule for school. Fortunately, the cop let her go. In the year, of 1938 Indira joined the National congress party. In 1942, Indira was joyfully hitched to Feroze Gandhi, a writer. Not long after their marriage, they were sent to Naini Central Jail in Allahabad from September 11, 1942 until May 13, 1943. This was her solitary time spent in jail. At the point when her mom had passed on in 1936 Indira accepting her spot as master and associate to her dad, and made a trip with him to meet popular political figures during his years as Prime Minister of India. In 1959, while as yet helping her dad, Indira was chosen the leader of the Indian National Congress. After her dads passing in 1964, Lal Bahadur Shastri bec... <!

Race and Ethnicity Essay Topics That Are Best For You

Race and Ethnicity Essay Topics That Are Best For YouWhen writing your race and ethnicity essay, you should ensure that you're doing it correctly. There are several race and ethnicity essay topics that you can use to make this article. Some of the topics you might consider include 'Other People,' 'Race,' and 'Ethnicity.' These are the most common race and ethnicity essay topics and they can give you ideas on what topic to use and how to frame your essay.The main tip in writing your essay is to know your audience. You don't want to bore them with information because this will most likely lead to them just skipping it. When you come up with a topic, ensure that you know how you're going to convey information to them so that they will want to read your essay.An interesting part about race and ethnicity is the use of different terms. There are different words that describe people based on their ethnic background. For example, there are the 'Anglo-Saxons' and the 'Germanic' people, and ot hers. If you need to talk about these things, you need to be sure that you choose the right terms for each race or ethnicity that you want to include.It's important that you speak from your own feelings when writing your essay. Do not use anyone else's opinions when you are writing about race and ethnicity. The truth is that other people have different perspectives and this is why it's best to talk about your personal experiences so that you can relate to them.There are many individuals who are of European descent, but are of mixed race. They feel that they are not European, because their ancestors were from a European heritage. When you write an essay about race and ethnicity, you need to make sure that you're speaking from your own perspective and not someone else's.When you are looking at race and ethnicity, it's important that you look at the differences in people's bodies, as well as their differences in body types. When you are looking at people in general, you see them as one thing, but when you look at a race, you see them in the light of different races. You also need to take into consideration their skin color and skin texture so that you can put all of them into perspective.While some people see all of them as one race, others see them as different races. In addition, some people believe that the characteristics of the race are a part of the people themselves. This is something that is very important to look at. Knowing this will help you communicate with them better.Race and ethnicity essay topics are just a small part of the many that you can choose from. You need to be sure that you're choosing one that is best for you and that you can relate to. Be sure to consider all of the reasons why the topics are used, the points that are brought up, and the audience that you are writing for before you write.

My Subject Choice Is The Bengal Tiger - 1042 Words

My subject choice is the Bengal Tiger. Exploring social media platforms such as Facebook and You Tube turned up some extremely valuable and reliable information on my subject. I also stumbled upon Google + which really opened up my eyes as I have never used this social media site before. Facebook lead me to Organisational sites that enabled me to uncover detailed information, not only on my subject but on the Authors and other supporting Organisations for my subject. Within the Facebook site I reviewed, there were well over 1,000,000 likes and more than 13,000 visitors. The page is updated on a daily basis, with visitors posting directly to their page with questions and support. I found the page to be very uplifting and easy to navigate. Social constructivism was evident as users were sharing their knowledge whilst also learning from others. I found it to be like a community of people with the same interest. The page had direct links to web pages so users could click and continue th eir exploration via their website. This made the learning process very easy and flexible, as the website followed up with more detailed information, videos and pictures. The social interaction between users was very supportive and encouraging, with each sharing their own experiences and knowledge they had acquired through their experiences. I found the Social Constructivism on the page to be very fluid in the way people shared and acquired new information, with so many different points of viewsShow MoreRelatedFaith in the Life of Pi1472 Words   |  6 PagesFaith in the Life of Pi  ¶When it comes to a battered subject such as faith, one could arguably say that faith is one of the most highly discussed and highly controversial subjects amongst humans all over the world. I, myself, have never really been much of a religious person during my life. My father was raised in a very Jewish household where he attended Hebrew school, celebrated Passover and Hanukkah every year and ate kosher meals. My mother was raised as a Christian, although I’m not too sureRead More Myanmar: A Nation in Crisis Essay5123 Words   |  21 Pagesbrought with them cultural traditions stemming from India. The Mon, at around 3000 B.C., were the first people to come. They established centers of settlement in central Myanmar, in the Irrawaddy delta, and farther down the eastern coast of the Bay of Bengal. They developed farming and irrigation systems, and they kept ties with India as well as other Mon settlements. The Burmese entered the Irrawaddy River valley in the mid-9th centur y, eventually absorbing the nearby Pyu and Mon communities. The ShanRead MoreAn Analysis Of Data Serviceability Of Airtel Service Essay8863 Words   |  36 PagesBusiness Administration, University of Dhaka June 17, 2015 i LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL June 17, 2015 Homayara Latifa Ahmed Chairperson IBA Career Centre University of Dhaka Dear Madam, Subject: Submission of Internship Report on ‘An Analysis Of Data Serviceability Of Airtel Service Points’ This letter is regarding the submission of my internship report, submitted as part of the requirements for completing the internship as part of the requirements for completing the BBA program at the Institute of BusinessRead MoreI Love Reading Essay69689 Words   |  279 PagesNKC acknowledges the logistical assistance and organizational support provided by the following: Ms. Manasi Phadke at the Mahratta Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture (MCCIA) in Pune; Mr. Khokon Mukhopadhyaya and Mr. Somnath Goswami at the Bengal Chamber of Commerce and Industry (BCCI) in Kolkata; Ms. K Savita (CII- Chennai); Mr. Malay Kantharia, Gujarat Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI) in Ahmedabad; Mr. K.V.R.L.N. Sarma at the Federation of Andhra Pradesh Chambers of Commerce and IndustryRead MoreOne Significant Change That Has Occurred in the World Between 1900 and 2005. Explain the Impact This Change Has Made on Our Lives and Why It Is an Important Change.163893 Words   |  656 Pages tre ats the two wars and their prehistory and aftermaths as genuinely global phenomena, not as conflicts among the great powers of Europe, the United States, and Japan, which has been the obsessive focus of most of the vast literature on this subject that defined much of twentieth-century history. As Carl Guarneri argues cogently in his contribution to the collection, which provides the fullest bibliographic references, the emergence of the United States first as one of the world powers inRead MoreCase 29 Panera Bread Company: Rising Fortunes?25159 Words   |  101 Pagesexperience for everyone. Simply by providing telecommunication connectivity to remote and rural communities, we can drastically improve people’s lives. But our reach goes further than that. We can offer better products and services to customers who have a choice of service providers. We can build and develop the communities in which we operate, through our Cyberkids Programme initiatives and scholarships. And, we take very seriously our responsibility to positively influence our supply chain so that it is

Wuthering Heights By Emily Bronte - 2099 Words

1. In Emily Brontà «Ã¢â‚¬â„¢s Wuthering Heights, Catherine Earnshaw tells Nelly Deane that ‘[i]t would degrade me to marry Heathcliff’ (p. 94). How far is Catherine’s marriage choice in Wuthering Heights influenced by the patriarchal attitudes and gender conventions of her society? In Emily Bronte’s Wuthering Heights, Catherine’s marriage choice is heavily influenced by the patriarchal attitudes and gender conventions of her society. During 19th century Britain, the ideology of separate spheres for men and woman was most commonly accepted. Women were submissive to men and were generally expected to fulfil their responsibilities entirely as a wife. In these times, power and status could only be obtained from the possession of money and land. It†¦show more content†¦For this reason, those with higher social status treated Heathcliff indifferently. Heathcliff is characterised as devilish and is cruelly referred to as â€Å"it† in the Earnshaw household. He is often referred to as a â€Å"gipsy† throughout the novel by other characters. Gypsies fascinated Victorian England, they were thought of as objects of discrimination because their travelling lifestyle made them people without a nation or land. It was a term used to descri be the individuals who were severely poor and misfortunate, such as Heathcliff. He is also discriminated against because of his appearance; his notably dark skin compels other characters to differentiate themselves from him as superiors. Catherine’s life is shaped by her lack of independence and her inability to gain control. She is entirely dependent on the dominant male figures in her life that guard her freedom. She is confined by the limitations that are set in place by men, unable to defy their power. Rebelling in such a way would threaten her position within the household that she lives and potentially ruin her respectable reputation. This dismissal and rejection by men would eventually lead to Catherine’s death, which becomes evident in her later decision to challenge her assigned role in the hierarchy of gender. As a young child, Catherine and Heathcliff spent a lot of time together; they were practically

Abraham Maslow and the Self-Actualization Theory - 2040 Words

Abraham Maslow was a man who has a tremendous influence on early childhood education. Maslow’s theory was about achieving self-actualization with the satisfaction of human needs. According to Maslow’s theory basic needs have to be satisfied before any other higher level needs can be satisfied. â€Å"Abraham Maslow proposed what has become an almost definitive model of self-actualization with his theory of hierarchy of needs.† (Hanley, Abell, 2002). The hierarchy consists of five different levels. The five levels are life essentials, safety and security, belonging and love, achievement and prestige, and aesthetic needs. It is important for the first level to be fully satisfied before the next can begin. I will discuss three of these†¦show more content†¦If a child does not have anything to bring, the teacher should provide what they want to talk about, as long as it is within means. Another thing that is important to helping the child feel love and belong ing is to teach the children to love themselves and the other students. We have all at one time been told by an adult to stop arguing. Something that will help with this is to have a classroom discussion at the beginning of the school year about how to treat others. In this class discussion the children should be taught what it means to love and treat others with respect. To help the children understand what it means to love and the sense of belonging, you can have the children do a project about how they feel when they are treated a certain way. I have seen children perform a skit where they have to have someone treat them bad and show their true emotions. By doing this the children learn not to mistreat others because they learn how it feels. Another project the students can do is to have to do a project where they have to show how they feel when they are treated different ways. Many times a friend or family will provide a sense of belongingness. This will help the children become a leader or follower. Either way the child will feel like they belong and have friends. These needs are often satisfied by interacting with different people and making friends. Children need to know the importanceShow MoreRelated Abraham Maslow on Self-Actualization, Motivation and Humanistic Theory2428 Words   |  10 Pagesmust paint, and poets must write if they are to be ultimately at peace with themselves. What human beings can be, they must be. They must be true to their own nature. This need we may call self-actualization† Abraham Maslow. http://toolstolife.com/articles/Abraham-Maslow-s-Self-Actualizer-380 Self- Actualization rests at the pinnacle of Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Before reaching that pinnacle, the human being rises through the various strata of motivation beginning with the basic needs to surviveRead MoreAbraham Maslow s Theory Of Self Actualization901 Words   |  4 Pagesa man named Abraham Maslow. Maslow was an American psychologist who developed a pyramidal hierarchy of needs. At the base of his pyramid, Abraham Maslow placed the basic â€Å"physiological needs† such as: food, water, and sleep. The next layer of his pyramid was â€Å"safety†, which was followed by â€Å"love/belonging†, and then â€Å"esteem†. Although, my interest truly began when I reached the very top of the pyramid which was labeled â€Å"self-actualization†. Self-actualization was the term Maslow used to describeRead MoreHumanistic Theories Debate On Abraham Maslow And Carl Rogers1617 Words   |  7 PagesHumanistic Theories Debate Team B – Anthony Garcia, Becky Billison, Cher Keen, Britanie McKernan, Megan Groulx PSY/310 September 7, 2015 Dr. Sadie Fine â€Æ' Humanistic Theories Debate In the debate between Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers, both whom are humanistic theorists that share a mutual interest in the teachings of self-actualization, will discuss the specifics of their individual theories regarding the main points, their contributions, and the criticism they have received about their theories. We willRead MoreMaslows Theory1321 Words   |  6 PagesBiography Abraham Harold Maslow, the founder of humanistic psychology, was born in New York City on April 1, 1908 and died at home in California in 1970 (Maslow, Abraham Hutchinson Encyclopedia of Biography, 2010) (Abraham H. Maslow: a Bibliography: Professional biography, 1970). He received his AB, MA, and PhD in psychology from the University of Wisconsin (1970). His work as a United States (U.S.) psychologist started in 1932 after he started working as a teaching fellow (1970). Maslow also taughtRead MoreMaslow s Theory Of Self Actualization772 Words   |  4 PagesIntroduction: The theory of self-actualization was introduced by psychologist Abraham Maslow. Maslow s famous work â€Å"Hierarchy of Needs† has drawn admiration and criticisms from supporters and opponents alike. For Maslow, man quest for self-actualization falls within five hierarchical orders set up in a pyramid style. To become everything that one is capable of becoming, Maslow, noted that the order in which these needs are fulfilled does not always follow the standard progression. FurtherRead MoreExamining Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers Theories863 Words   |  3 PagesI hereby will be focusing on Humanistic Perspectives by examining Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers’s theories. I will examine their theories, by starting with Carl Rogers’s theory then Abraham Maslow’s theory. I will also evaluate the human perspectives and apply Abraham Maslow’s theory to my own life. Roger’s Person-centred Carl Roger was one of the founders of human potential movement, he agreed with the main assumptions of Maslow but he added that for an individual to grow they need an environmentRead MoreEssay on Maslow Hierarchy of Needs1486 Words   |  6 PagesThe Study of Maslow Hierarchy of Needs This essay study is about Maslows school of thought. Maslows hierarchy of needs is often depicted as a pyramid consisting of five levels. I liked the way he differed from traditional psychologists. For example, he studied happy, high performing people to learn more about what they had in common. Maslows main contributions to psychology were the founding of the Journal of Humanistic Psychology in 1961. There were many occurrences during his lifetime thatRead MoreDescription in Detail of the Humanistic Theories by Rogers and Maslow1517 Words   |  7 Pagesperson-centred theory and Abraham Maslow who has developed a hierarchy of needs, where he emphasized on self-actualization. There is an evaluation on both Rogers and Maslow theories, on how they are based on their own assumptions and views, and I apply Maslow’s theory of self-actualization into my own personal life. 2. Description in detail of the Humanistic theories by Rogers (person-centred) and Maslow (self-actualization) and the evaluation of both theories. 2.1 Rogers (person-centred theory) humanisticRead MoreAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Essay1019 Words   |  5 PagesAbraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs Theory Abraham Maslows Hierarchy of Needs is one of the first theories of motivation and probably the best-known one. It was first presented in 1943. in Dr. Abraham Maslow’s article A Theory of Human Motivation in Psychological Review, and was further expanded in his book â€Å"Toward a Psychology of Being†. Maslow tried to formulate a needs-based framework of human motivation. His research was based upon his clinical experiences with humans, rather than priorRead MoreAbraham s Theory Of Behaviorism1573 Words   |  7 PagesAbraham Harold Maslow was born on April 1, 1908 in Brooklyn, New York. He was the first born to his parents, Samuel and Rose Maslow. He was a lonely and unhappy Jewish boy who spent most of his time in the library and among books as a means of comfort and refuge. However, in 1925 at the age of 17 he enrolled at the City College of New York. In 1926, he registered for evening classes at the Brooklyn Law School, then transferred to Cornell University in Ithaca, New York in 1927. In 1928, he transferred

Effects of Temperature on Cell Membranes free essay sample

Cut each core into 2 cm sections until you have enough for one core for each temperature of water bath that you will be using. Put your 2 cm sections into a test tube with plenty of distilled water. b. Label a set of test tubes (one for each temperature of water bath) with the temperature and your initials. Add exactly 5 cm3 of distilled water to each test tube and place your tubes, one in each water bath, for 5 minutes to equilibrate to the temperature of the water bath. c. Remove your beetroot cores from the distilled water and blot gently on a paper towel. Decide whether forceps or mounted needles are best for handling the tissue and what damage this might cause to the cores. d. Place one 2 cm beetroot core into each of your test tubes and leave in the water bath for 30 minutes. e. After 30 minutes, shake the test tubes gently to make sure any pigment is well-mixed into the water, then remove the beetroot cores. We will write a custom essay sample on Effects of Temperature on Cell Membranes or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page f. Describe the depth of colour in each test tube. A piece of white card behind the tubes will make this easier to see. Arrange the tubes in order of temperature of the water bath. Describe any relationship between the amount of pigment released from the beetroot and the temperature. g. If you have access to a colorimeter, set it to respond to a blue/ green filter (or wavelength of 530 nm) and note whether you are measuring absorbance or transmission. Check the colorimeter reading for distilled water. h. Note the results for each tube and plot a graph of absorbance (or transmission) against temperature. Describe any trends or patterns in your results. QUESTIONS 1. Describe what happens when you trim the beetroot cores and place the 2 cm sections in distilled water. Use what you know of plant tissue structure to explain this observation. What does it tell you about where the pigment is located in the plant cells? Make a hypothesis about the effect of temperature on the plant cells and predict the amount of betalain that will leak from the cells at different temperatures. 2. Evaluate the method for this investigation. Think about which factors have been controlled to make it a fair test. Consider whether any factor other than temperature could be responsible for the colour leaking from the beetroot cores. Do you think this experiment will give you valid results? Describe how you could improve the experiment to give more reliable (or more valid) results. 3. What is the relationship between the amount of pigment released from the beetroot and the temperature? 4. Plan an investigation to investigate why handling raw red cabbage does not stain your fingers very much, but handling pickled cabbage does. ANSWERS 1. Dark purple pigment leaks from the cut ends of the beetroot for a while and then stops. Plant cells are surrounded by cellulose cell walls. When you cut through a piece of plant tissue, you cut through some of the cell walls and rupture the cell contents. The pigment then leaks out. The fact that it does not continue to leak suggests that further cells are not being damaged. If the beetroot tissue is treated with increasing temperatures, as the temperature rises, the phospholipid bilayer of the cell-surface membrane and the vacuole membrane will be disrupted. This means that the vacuole contents will more readily leak into the water in the test tube. The higher the temperature, the greater the disruption to the plasma membranes and the more pigment will leak out in 30 minutes. 2. The factors controlled in this test are the ones that are the same from one group to another – the size of the beetroot cores (their surface area and volume), the advance treatment of the beetroot cores, the volume of water in the test tubes, the pre-heating (or chilling) of the water in the test tubes using the water baths, the length of time the cores spend in the water baths, the treatment of the cores after heating. The experiment could be made more reliable by using more samples of beetroot, and by maintaining the temperature with thermostatically-controlled water baths. 3. The higher the temperature, the greater the amount of pigment released from the tissues.

How to Write An About Me Page As a Freelance Writer

Get some about me page examples So, you want to be a freelance writer and you know you need a blog to do this. Okay. Now what? Well, you definitely need an About me page on your freelance writing site. Prospects need to know about you, right? What are you suppose to put on your About me page? Remember, a blog for your freelance writing business isnt about you (shocking!) – its about the potential client. And that goes for your About page copy too. And one more thing – one of your most popular pages on your website will be your About me page! I want to share with you my journey as a freelance writer – from the very beginning to now. Looking back, I was just like you not too long ago! I did the same things as you and many times I failed. But, I dont want that for you writers! I want to help you as much as I can! Before we get into this post, if you dont have time to read this, check out my video on creating your About page for your business. Also make sure to subscribe to my YouTube channel for freelance writers! (You can easily subscribe by hovering over my headshot in the upper left corner of this video!) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FVAkUNwaobE My First About Me Page Copy as a Brand New Freelance Writer I was brand new to many things when I put up my first writer website. I also was new to promoting a business online! I didnt know anything. I ended up looking at other freelance writer websites to help me figure out what I needed to do for mine. Here is my original About me page copy for my writer website: Are you running your own business alone? Do you find you don’t have enough hours in the day to get everything done? Maybe it’s time to get some help! I’m Elna Cain and I have a passion for writing. I enjoy writing on a variety of topics and I take pleasure in immersing myself in learning about new and exciting areas. I have plenty of experience in the mental health field and educational setting as I have a bachelor’s in Psychology and have worked in education for many years. I am also a married millennial mom of twin toddlers with expert knowledge, interest and personal experience in parenting, career advice, natural and holistic living, relationships, raising twins and being a work-at-home mom. I am adept at meticulously researching any topic given and I work to produce original yet engaging prose for my clients. I also have plenty of experience in creating well-optimized, search-engine friendly content for clients who want to increase their online traffic and visibility. My primary writing focus is on article, blog and site content, but I am always open to other areas of writing. I also do eBook design and formatting. I use Adobe Illustrator and Adobe InDesign to create a professional and modern eBook design. When I am not writing, you can find me at the park running after my rambunctious two year old twins. Some great things about this copy is: Im speaking to potential clients in the first sentence or two I mention my experience with SEO content (which – at the time – I dont think I knew much) I shared some of my personality at the end of this copy Some not-so-great things about this copy is: I use difficult jargon in this – meticulously and prose. I would never use these words now! I dont have credibility in what Im saying – Having links to what you are talking about can help you become more credible in your niche. I mention too many niches and services – While its okay to have more than one niche, dont have 5 or six and dont have 4 or 5 services either! I mention that I can write about any topic – this is as big no-no. You dont want to market yourself as a catch-all writer; you want to market yourself as the go-to writer in a certain niche topic. Did I Land Freelance Writing Jobs With This Copy? Yes, I did. But the gigs I had were varied and all over the place. Some of these gigs too too much time to write because it wasnt in my wheelhouse of knowledge. As soon as I had samples and client posts with bylines published, I had to change my About me page copy to reflect this. A few months later from starting my freelance writing business, I was able to share links to where I was writing on my About me page. Some big things I noticed that helped my optimized my About me page are: I broke up my text with bullet lists – Many small business owners dont have the time to sit and read long paragraphs. If you make your information easy to read, theyll hang around longer. I have links to my writing – Its a good idea to link to your writing in your About me page. Remember, prospects dont have time to look ALL over your writer website. I try to convince readers to hire me – The part in my About me page where I ask, but are you wondering, why me? is my way of convincing prospects that Im unique and different than other writers. The not-so-great thing about this About me page copy is that Im still marketing myself as a jack-of-all trades writer. I havent niched down yet. My About Page Copy a Little Over a Year Later It took me over a year to finally niche down to the digital marketing niche. So, from this point on, my About me page copy reflects that. And some things IÂ   kept from before are my headline and bullet lists. But, Im New to Freelance Writing Okay, so youre new and you need to write your About me page copy. I would promote yourself as a freelance writer for hire and mention what niches you serve. I would make your copy focus on your potential client. What do they want for their writing? Delivered on time Formatted appropriately Up-to-date Engaging writing Sourced Exceeds what the client wanted! About Me Page Examples These are things you can weave into your About me page to make it effective! If you need more help, check out my post on other ways to write your About page to attract clients. Become a Highly-Paid Writer Today!

buy custom The Murkurtu Archive essay

buy custom The Murkurtu Archive essay The Murkurtu Archive is a browser based digital archive built around the cultural protocols of the Warumungu Aboriginal community in Australias Northern Territory. The Mukurtu Archives serves as a source of indigenous heritage for the people of the Warumungu community which is found in Tennant Creek, N.T. Australia. This vast source of information was created by the community with the assistance of researchers such as Kimberly Chrixten, Craig Dietrich, Chris Cooney and Tim Dietrich. This archive is housed at the Nyinkka Nyunyu Art and Culture centre. This archive acts as a tool of preserving this communitys heritage and it tries to achieve rhetorical and cultural sovereignty of the Warumungu community. This center offers a chance for the people to add historical artifacts and also have rights in controlling the access and use of this artifact. The people of the Warumungu community use this archive to reproduce, transmit cultural knowledge and materials. The content is basically inclusive of the things and items that were found in the peoples culture and how they used them. These include the bush medicine, animals and other artifacts that the Warumungu community cherishes as their heritage. The structure of the content is divided in categories. The categories are further divided into subcategories and then individual files. Then the way to access particular information is throughquery. The uploaded information is stored in a database and in reference to the given categories you search for information you need. The categories are such as families which are the contents that based on the profile based content delivery and my collections which is generated by the users of the archive. Artifacts such as bush medicine, animals and other items are stored for peoples viewing. This categories are used to search for an item and then you further specify in the query the date when created then it is followed by the family which was involved to profile it. To access a particular item you will choose the sub category if bush medicine, artifacts, songs and dances, and many others. Then you choose the type of media that you need to use that is burn on a CD or print a hard copy. The content in the archive is termed to be in a safe place because every one can only access what they have password to. How it achieves cultural power and sovereignty It has restrictions and one person can not access information of other people. The Archive provides a cultural solution to the communitys concern over access to and the reproduction of the digitized versions of cultural materials and personal community photos. The community needed way to manage and maintain the cultural protocols surrounding the viewing, circulation and reproduction of these materials. The cultural protocols for example men could not view womens rituals in real offline life also on this site the restriction goes such as people from one country which is a specific area cannot view the things from another country without permission and family members do not view files of the deceased. To create the archive we leveraged the existing code of ethics and created a database based on logic, with mysql structure and interface features. This archive achieves rhetorical and cultural sovereignty in the way they manage the affairs of their community and the normal code of ethics followed in real life situations has also be implemented on the site. Thus there is complete control in the viewing, circulation and reproduction of these cultural materials and information. This is a success of the site. This site or archive tool emphasizes access, accountability and cultural protocols that guide the way people interact with sort, search for and reproduce cultural materials=, images and the knowledge associated with them. The archive not only for conservation but cultural system information management system and it is accessible through socially adaptable and culturally acceptable means. Improvement can be the specification of areas occupied by certain families or in other words mapping capabilities and also addition of public collections and the production of remix versions. Buy custom The Murkurtu Archive essay

Public Transport Systems and Pollution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Public Transport Systems and Pollution - Essay Example Due to the interference with national balance, production of different raw materials that are used in the manufacturing industry are affected, which consequently constraints the industry. The issue of pollution, which is global and not regional is evident in all states across the globe, although some have taken significant steps to address the menace. This essay will deeply examine the issue of pollution laying special focus on the effects of pollution on the on human health and environment, fish stocks, forestry sectors of the economy. This essay will also discuss the relationship between public transport systems and pollution as well as focus on the cost of climate change. Air pollution has led to various adverse effects to forestry department and the industries in the sector. Pollutants that are known to cause much harm to trees are oxidants, fluorides, carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, sulfur dioxide, and volatile hydrocarbons (Gifford, 2006, p. 60). Oxidants react with the sunlight to produce toxins such as peroxyl acetyl nitrate (PAN) and ozone that are harmful to the trees. Ozone is commonly found in the upper strata of the atmosphere but, is considered to be highly harmful once found near the ground. High levels of these greenhouse gases easily damage trees and can easily wipe out an entire forest, which poses a threat to the industries in the field. Pollutants resulting from sulfur dioxide arise as a result of burning oil or coal to produce energy. They are also formed during the extraction of ores and when manufacturing products. Other manmade chemicals such as herbicide, pesticides, and fertilizers do detriment trees. Public transport systems have contributed to air pollution in a great way. Fuels used by the current means of transportation emit harmful chemicals once combusted with carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide being very common. Mining undertakings are similarly key players in the issue of pollution.  

History Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 97

History - Essay Example ther end focused on the economy while reforms had to do with the state’s financial systems to provide protection from a repeat of such severe depression. This series of programs changed the role of the federal government in American life. Firstly, the new deal fundamentally redefined the relationship between the federal government and the citizens. The government took the responsibility to care for people unlike in the past. Initially, the federal government was detached from the common man and as such their financial security or propensity was not much their concern. After enactment of the new deal, the federal government financed the public service jobs which solved the problem of unemployment. The new deal created programs that targeted to keep the citizens secure like the FDIC and social security. The federal government became peoples’ prosperity and economic security provider when things would go bad coming to their rescue (Taylor, n.d). Secondly, the role of government towards its citizens was redefined. The new deal made the government take the roles of recovery, relief as well as reform. Roosevelt’s ideologies made the government’s role more expansive unlike was the ordinary. Thus, governments took to intervene on issues that affected the public. The federal government became the source for solution of Americans problems. The reforms that targeted the banking sector and stock market brought about recovery. The federal government protected home mortgages and thus made it recover from the depression (Taylor, n.d). These efforts pioneered by Roosevelt in under the new deal programs set a precedence that was to become the role of the federal government in the lives of the American people. Further, Reliefs initially were provided by charity organizations and local governments. This was redefined by Roosevelt under the new deal programs. The new deal brought federal reliefs to millions of Americans during the recession. Thousands of men were able to be

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Example for Free

Cognitive Dissonance Essay Solving a cognitive dissonance is a good way to look at all your cards on the table, so to speak. The definition of cognitive dissonance is A feeling of discomfort caused by a discrepancy between an attitude and a behavior or between two attitudes. (S.Carpenter, K. Huffman 2010). This is means that cognitive dissonance is a problem that involves how you feel and what you are doing to cause the problem. For an example: a man has stolen a car. He feels upset that he has stolen the car but he is in desperate need of money. The mans attitude is that stealing is wrong and his behavior is that he has stolen a car. To solve this cognitive dissonance, the man will have to either change his attitude (change his belief that stealing is wrong) or his behavior (Give back the car and never steal again). To solve cognitive dissonance you will have to, like I put it, put your cards on the table and resolve your problem(s). Like the stealing man I referenced, he noticed his problem was either his attitude for the whole thing or his behavior. To avoid cognitive dissonance, you can completely ignore the problem. Someone can be a doctor that chain smokes even though they have warned their patients of the dangers of smoking and completely ignore the attitude (guilt for being a hypocrite and endangering their own lives) and the behavior (smoking) and be a smoker without thinking anything wrong or good about it. One example of cognitive dissonance that happened to me is the first and only time I cheated on a test back in high school. I needed to pass an exam because I was out sick for a month and my grade was low. A student was selling the test answers for five dollars and I bought one. When I took the test, I was felt guilty for cheating. My attitude was that cheating was wrong yet my behavior was that I was cheating on my test. I choose to fix my attitude on the grounds of that I REALLY needed to pass the test with flying colors and I felt that studying wasnt going to cut it. It turns out that the test answers were from the wrong test and everyone who bought the answers, like me, failed. Luckily the teacher hated the turn out so much that she allowed everyone to retake it. I got a 95% on my own. I never cheated again.

Compare The Ways In Which Writers Tell Stories In The Following: The N :: essays research papers

The title of this essay states that I must include another text, of my choice. ‘The Naval Sisters Tale’ is written in the form of a transcript, whereas ‘The Obituary of Captain David Goodwin’ is in the form of an article. I wanted to choose something different to both of these texts, so along with these passages, I have chosen to incorporate ‘Back to the Army Again’ by Rudyard Kipling. I decided on this text as it has refrains (which I find particularly interesting and fun to say), also because I think it contains a sense of irony and holds an ambiguity within its simplistic structure. I shall start with ‘The Obituary of Captain David Goodwin’. The first things that struck me about this particular text was the fact that it had been printed in The Daily Telegraph, a fairly conservative newspaper that would have wanted to promote nationalism and preserve our countries remaining war heroes via our memories, and show that â€Å"we† are in fact a fearless nation! It is a very factual piece, and contains very short, and ‘to-the-point’ paragraphs. The title itself, a seemingly ‘dull’ and ‘uninspiring’ title, gives us an almost immediate insight into the lack of emotion within the text. The purpose of this text is to chart Captain David Goodwin’s career and life, although we are told little about his life outside of his career. It shows his involvement within the war, and highlights his achievements. This article focus’s in on the â€Å"best† part of his life, his naval career sea command. It can also be considered to be a genuine mark of respect, seeing as it is an obituary. I thought that it might also be a form of war propaganda, as it makes the war seem exciting and fun. It certainly portrays Captain David Goodwin as being a war hero. The quote included in the article, â€Å"one horrid little man firing at us† emphasizes the valour of him. He is referring to the Italian army as if they were a joke. The text starts off by stating his personal records, such as his age. It then gives a brief overview of his involvement in the war and the awards/medals that he gained. The author of this has done this so that we know what type of person we are dealing with, from the very second that we begin reading the text.

Existential Psychology and Humanistic Approach: Use in Modern Perspective

Extistencail psychology & humanistic approach (personality) Use in modern perspective Focus on how it relates to happiness Difference: humanist + side of human Est related to sex and aggression. Which statement about Freud’s theory of personality is FALSE? The most important aspects of personally development are finished by age 6 The ego continues to develop as you grow The id is present at birth The ego must balance the demands of the id and super-ego The id is entirely unconscious. The ego is entirely conscious Difference: ego & super ego Ego: the eye since of self, intelligence ore rational Super ego: (over-eye) develop early on Demand of your culture, what your culture (good boy or girl) should or shouldn’t do. Ex: good person won’t have sex In this defense mechanism, an individual acts in a manner opposite to their true desires or motives.Displacement You displace your anger on something or someone else Projection Instead of admitingit to yourself yo u accuse everyone else of it Reaction formation Regression Using a baby talk Denial Act as if something isn’t happening * Defense machanism do exist. He’s probably wrong about ppl use it by unciounsious * There are many reasons that contribute to our attraction to others. One of the best predictors in selecting and developing interpersonal and romantic relationships is Mere exposure effect Is why proximity is such a good predictor Just seeing them won’t influence it as much as the other one Personality characteristics Commonalities in parental behavior Physical proximity How close u live to each other They are there and you get to know them, b/c they live close to you What is familiar is more appealing then what isn’t Age Defense mechanisms are enated by The id The ego The super-egoBoth the ego and the super ego Both the id and the super-ego In _________love we experience feelings of euphoria, intimacy, and intense sexual attraction, in ________love, we e xperience affection, trust, and concern, for a partner’s well-being. Passionate; companionate Companionate deals w/ oxitocen Passionate deals w/ dopamine (like w/ drugs) Research has consistently demonstrated five core components of personality. Which of the following is not one of the Big Five personality tratis? Agreeableness Extraversion + to neutral? Openness to experience Narcissism – to neutral? B&CWhich of the big 5 is associated w/ school and work success? (along w/ predicting IQ) Consciousness What do obedience to authority and a tendency to reciprocate other’s favors have in common? Norms (unwritten standards for behavior or how ppl will react to one other) Differ from culture to culture No one is going to sit u down & tell you Ex: you will obey an officer (or ppl in position of authority) When your friend does really well on a test, he says it’s b/c he is smart. If he fails, he says it’s b/c the test was really hard. This is an e x of which of the following? Extraversion Denial SublimationSelf-serving bias We have a general good look of our self Look at outside reason why we didn’t do so well. repression The tendency for ppl to engage in ____________ explains why some ppl prefer negative evaluation over positive ones and also seek mate who view them poorly. Self-verification Get info from ppl around us Deosn’t change a lot over time We seek ppl out who confirm w/ our own thoughts Self denial Self actualization Self serving bias Self report * * _____________ persuasion is a type of persuasion that involves a chang in attitudes or beliefs that is brought about by appeals to habit or emotion.Systematic Heuristic Habbits & emotion Happy, joy Non-systematic Logic & reason (opposite of heuristic) Ppl take their time (ppl are spending a lot of $) Inferential Residual The Lexical Hypothsis suggested that: Language will have many words for very important personality traits. Language will have fe w words for the very important personality traits Some cultures do not believe in the idea of stable personality traits. Some cultures do believe in the idea of stable personality traits. Which of the following statements about personality traits is NOT true?Traits allow us to predict behavior in specific situations. Only over time, not in situations Intelligence is not a personalilty trait According to the ___________ ppl aggress when their goals are thwarted. Pleasure principle Frustration-agression Drive principle Motivation principle Aggression-motivation hypothesis As cover in class the humanistic perspective on personality and motivation suggests that there are 3 b Automomy relatedness Competence Dominance Milgrams famous obedience study reveals that about ______% of participants delivered the max level of shock. 15% 25% 50% 65% 95% top sooner if they had to touch the learner being closer to the learner personality traits matter too often ppl who didn’t car about what p pl thought about them being taught by parents/ even if you are told to do something it wasn’t ok to hurt some one ppl who had a strong need to be approved of they were more likely to continue Researches have discovered a gene associated w/ serotonin availability in th frontal love. This gen is also related to the personality trait of neuroticism The Zimbardo prison study has been cited as an example that: negative situation pressures often outweigh personality traits.When ppl in angry mobs, they may not be awar of their own standards of behavior. This may be due to: Reciprocal altruism Altruism Diffusion of responsibility Doesn’t have to do w/ being aware of yourself This is in the ex of who is going to come forth to do the work When someone needs help & it isn’t clear if it’s a emergency When there is a crowd &ppl act like it’s fine then u assume it’s fine too When u are by yourself, u don’t have reference of others so u r mo re likely to help Deindividuation Group polarizationIn _________ an individual’s experience of the environment is shaped y unintentional effects of their personality on others. Situation selection Manipulation When we do it intension to manipulate others to get what we want Evocation Unintentional effect ppl respond to b/c of ur personality Passive correlation Spent a lot of ppl who have the same gene as you so it’s hard to pull apart Self-serving bias In John Gottman’s research on predictors of divorce, couples who remained married showed a ratio of ____ positive interactons for every _____negative interactions 5;1 1;5 2;1 1;2 1;1 *

France and Transatlantic Slave Trade - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1394 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2019/06/26 Category History Essay Level High school Topics: French Revolution Essay Did you like this example? From the late 1700s and into the 1800s, slaves were considered one of the most important economic commodities that an individual, or country, could possess. Like many European countries of the time period, France played a significant role in the transatlantic slave trade. The Old Regime of France is what dictated their participation in the transatlantic slave trade. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "France and Transatlantic Slave Trade" essay for you Create order Revolutionary France began the process to abolish slavery in the French Colonies and it then became official in 1794. This was primarily due to an uprising in the French Colonies of the Caribbeanspecifically the Haitian Revolution. The French Revolution continued to go great lengths in determining where slaves fit within the newly formed France and its National Assembly. When Napoleon Bonaparte came into power, he did his best to turn France into an empirethis included reversing the decision to abolish slavery. In 1804, by the hand of Napoleon, slavery was made legal once again. It was not until 1848 that slavery in France and its colonies was abolished for the second and final time. From the late 18th-century to the mid-19th-century, the enslaved peoples of France and their rights was a topic of great discussion in both the time following the Revolution and the end of Napoleons reign. Under the Old Regime, France held onto the ideology that there are no slaves in France. The French prided themselves that they may be one of the only European countries not to have slavestheir Caribbean colonies were not noteworthy when they made the no slaves statement. While the Black peoples on France made up less than 3% of the population, these were not all free men. As part of the transatlantic slave trade, France was the third largest contributor to the slave trade in the late 1700s to the mid-1800s. Slaves were sent in large numbers to the French Colonies of Guadeloupe, Martinique, Tobago, San Lucie, and San Martin, though France gained the rank of third because of the sheer amount of slaves that were sent to the French Colony of San Dominguewhat is now known as Haiti. San Domingue was viewed as the New Worlds most profitable eighteen-century colony. Economically, slavery was vital to the French colonies where the main exports were sugar and coffee. Frequent voyages were made from the French ports of Nantes, Bordeaux, and La Rochelle. The ship Marie Seraphique was one of the many slave ships that sailed from Nantes (pictured above is the plan, profile, and layout of the ship). It is estimated that 1,400,000 Africans were taken by France as part of the slave trade, though only 1,165,000 survived the Middle Passagethe journey across the Atlantic Ocean. Slavery was a normal part of life for individuals of the time; it was not until the Revolution began that there were discussions concerning the slaves of France. The French Revolution began in the Spring of 1789in which there were a series of uprisings across Franceand with the Revolution a new government was introduced. The National Assembly was now the governing body in France, and in of August of the same year, they embraced The Declaration of the Rights of Man as the new composition of the land. It stated that, Men are born and remain free and equal in rights. Yet did not give any thought to the enslaved peoples of in the Caribbean. There were many individuals and groups who came to the National Assembly to either speak against abolition or for it. One of the various groups that petitioned to speak for abolition in the wake of the Revolution was the Societe des amis des Noirs. The Society of the Friends of the Blacks formed in 1788. They followed the lead of English and American abolitionists, with Enlightenment-influenced rhetoric, and began to speak of emancipation. They spoke of how King Louis XVI, in 1788, he abolished serfdom on all royal lands, of how the last French serfs gained their freedom and rights with the National Assembly in 1789, and why should this right of freedom not be extended to the Negroes who live under [the] Law? which included the slaves in the Colonies. The Society of the Friends of the Blacks defined their main goals as granting full rights to Africans and biracial people in the colonies who were already free and [the abolition] of the slave trade two goals they hoped would be received well and not seen as too controversial. Many others spoke out against slavery as well. Why are Black people enslaved? The color of peoples skin only suggests a slight difference. There is no discord between day and night, the sun and the moon and between the stars and dark sky. All is varied; it is the beauty of nature. Why destroy natures work? Even free Blacks from the Colonies addressed the Assembly. They told of the conditions that one must endure while in slavery and that while they had their legal freedom, they could not do enjoy full rights as a citizen of France. Despite mush political debate, the marketable interest of the plantations won out, and the slaves of the French Colonies did not receive their much wanted freedom. It was not until the slave revolution in San Domingue that there began to be sincere consideration concerning the rights of the slaves of France. As is known with any slave plantation, the conditions are brutal and the work intensethis was no different for the slaves that resided at San Domingue. The revolts began when the French Republic would not recognize the rights of the slaves. Vincent Oge, one of the leading members of the first revolt, who the was sequentially executed for his part, often took it upon himself to go to Paris and plead the case of civil rights, but alas this did not prove fruitful. In October of 1790, the first of many revolts happened in San Domingue. Three hundred and fifty mulattos rebelled, and while the rebellion was put down, on May 15th the National Assembly yielded to the pressure and granted political rights to all free blacks and mulattos who were born of free mothers and fathers. This did not affect many individuals of San Domingue, but those in charge of the plantations were furious and would not uphold the decree. On August 22nd, 1791, the slaves came together and rose up once againthis beca me the first successful slave revolt in history. Not even a month later, the National Assembly reversed their decree in retaliation. The slaves revolted once again; they showed their outrage by burning plantations and killing the plantation owners. The new Legislative Assemblywhich had replaced the National Assembly in October of 1791met at the end of March 1792 and voted to reinstate the rights of free blacks and mulattos, yet nothing was decided regarding slavery. It was also at this time that Toussaint LOuverture (pictured above) became leader of the rebellion. Toussaint was the son of an educated slavehis father was taken from the shores in Africa, while he was born into slaverythat later became a free man. He assembled a group of slaves and mulattos, and successfully fought the Europeans forces that threated the San Domingue. The rebellion had greatly weakened San Domingues economy and thus the National Conventionthe Legislative Assemblys replacement as led by radical Jacobins decided in to abolish slavery in all the French Colonies on February 4, 1794. Slavery was of great significance to France and the French colonies in the late 18th century and the early to mid-19th century. It began with France being the third largest supporter of the transatlantic slave trade. This was part of Frances Old Regime. Slavery was abolished for the first time in 1794. This was because of both the Haitian and French Revolution. There were then many decisions to be made about where the former slaves would fit in with French society, as well as part of the National Assembly. It was when Napoleon Bonaparte came into power that there was a significant reversal in French society. Napoleon wanted to transform revolutionary France into an empire, and with this came many changes. One of the changes was that slavery was deemed legal once again in 1804. It would not be for another forty-four years that slavery would be abolished once again. As with many European countries of the time, it is important to learn about the economic impact of slavery as it was such an important factor of the time period.